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mongabay.com news - July 2007Humans appropriate 24% of Earth's productivity -- 07/25/2007Researchers have developed the first geographically detailed analysis of humankind's impact on the biosphere, as represented by a metric known as HANPP or human appropriation of net primary production. The results are presented and discussed in two papers published in the July 6 online edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 20 coal projects canceled as global warming fears mount -- 07/25/2007 Coal-fired power plants are fast being shelved as environmental concerns mount, reports the Wall Street Journal. Las Vegas has gotten hotter -- 07/25/2007 Las Vegas and the rest of Nevada has heated up over the past 30 years, but it's not the entertainment industry that is responsible. A new study by the U.S. Public Interest Research Group reports that, as a state, Nevada has seen one of the largest increases in average temperature over the last three decades. Coal mining threatens the "Heart of Borneo" -- 07/25/2007 Coal mining in Borneo imperils the island's fast-disappearing forests and threatens to undermine the effectiveness of an monumental conservation initiative, according to a report from the The Sunday Times and Parliamentary testimony. "Virgin" rain forests of Costa Rica a misnomer -- 07/25/2007 Radiocarbon dating of montane forest soils in Costa Rica uncovered evidence of charcoal that shows its otherwise "virgin" tropical forests are less than 200 years old. The findings, published in the journal Biotropica, have implications for the re-establishment of rain forests after clearing. Longest-running Amazon rainforest experiment imperiled by colonization -- 07/25/2007 One of the world's most important and longest-running scientific experiments is under threat by new colonization proposed by the Brazilian government, warn researchers writing in the journal Nature. The Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, an experiment launched outside the Brazilian city of Manaus more than 25 years, has helped researchers understand the impacts of deforestation and fragmentation on the complex ecology of the world's largest and most biodiverse rainforest: the Amazon. But now a colonization scheme sanctioned by the Brazilian federal agency SUFRAMA threatens to undermine the basis for decades of critical research. Jumbo squid invade California waters, affecting fish populations -- 07/25/2007 Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) are invading California waters, putting commercial fish populations at risk, reports a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Rare gorillas slaughtered in mass killing -- 07/24/2007 At least four critically endangered gorillas have been killed in Democratic Republic of Congo's Virunga National Park. National Geographic News reports they were shot "execution-style". Illegal charcoal harvesters are leading suspects in the slaying. Two other gorillas are missing and feared dead. 2007 hurricane season to be weaker than expected says forecaster -- 07/24/2007 WSI Corp, a private forecaster, cut its 2007 hurricane season outlook, saying there will likely be fewer storms than previously projected, reports Reuters. In Alaska, fishing industry drives marine conservation -- 07/24/2007 Alaska's fisheries are some of the richest in the world, with fishermen harvesting hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of salmon, crab, herring, halibut, pollock, and groundfish every year. However, such bounty has not always been the case. Over-exploitation and poor fisheries management in the 1940s and 1950s took a heavy toll on the industry. Born of this difficult origin, today Alaska sets the bar in fisheries management. Unusually for natural resource management, industry is leading the way, relying on dialog with scientists to determine catch levels and where to designate "no-fishing zones", while pushing for certification standards for sustainable seafood products. These efforts are coordinated by the Marine Conservation Alliance (MCA), an industry-backed nonprofit based in Juneau, Alaska. In July 2007, David Benton, executive director of the Marine Conservation Alliance, spoke with mongabay.com about MCA's work in Alaska. Wal-Mart demand drives "greener" shrimp farms -- 07/24/2007 Wal-Mart's demand for sustainably-produced products is driving "greener" production of shrimp in Thailand, reports the Wall Street Journal (WSJ). Fish cultivate gardens of algae -- 07/24/2007 Damselfish cultivate "gardens" of algae, according to a study published last October in the journal Biology Letters. Rare jungle deer photographed for the first time -- 07/24/2007 A camera trap has captured the first ever pictures of an elusive forest deer in its natural habitat, reports the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Australia funds first global deforestation monitoring system -- 07/23/2007 At a High Level Meeting on Forests and Climate being held in Sydney, Australia today announced a series of measures to slow deforestation and fight global warming. Human-induced climate change causes shifts in rainfall -- 07/23/2007 Human-induced climate change has caused changes in rainfall patterns around the world over the past century, claims a new study published in Nature. Laptop for poor children set for mass production -- 07/23/2007 The "$100 laptop" is set to go into mass production after it received orders for 3 million machines, the requisite number to make the project viable. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles will cut pollution, emissions, oil use -- 07/20/2007 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) could reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality significantly by 2050, reports a new study by The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). Melting glaciers and ice cap will drive sea level rise -- 07/19/2007 Melting glaciers and ice caps will contribute more to global sea level rise this century than the melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, reports a study published in the current issue of Science. Dinosaurs' rise to dominance was a gradual -- 07/19/2007 Dinosaurs' rise to dominance was a gradual rather than sudden, suggests new research published in Science. Gecko + mussels = biomimetic underwater adhesive -- 07/19/2007 Scientists have developed a new adhesive material based on the properties of mussels and gecko lizard. The researchers say the biomimetic design could produce more durable and longer-lasting bandages, patches, and surgical materials. Blue macaw population stages remarkable recovery in Brazil -- 07/18/2007 One of the world's rarest parrots has made a remarkable recovery due to conservation efforts, reports the American Bird Conservancy. Pound of beef produces 36 pounds of CO2 emissions -- 07/18/2007 The production of a kilogram of beef is results in more greenhouse gas emissions and other pollution than driving a car for 3 hours while leaving all the lights at home, concludes a new study led by Akifumi Ogino of the National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science in Tsukuba, Japan. The research is detailed in this week's issue of New Scientist Magazine. Fines on bycatch could help make conservation groups, industry accountable -- 07/18/2007 Assessing fines on illegal bycatch could help clean up the fishing industry, reports a new study published in the August issue of Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Corn ethanol is not the solution to energy independence -- 07/18/2007 A new report claims that corn ethanol will not significantly offset U.S. fossil fuel consumption without "unacceptable" environmental and economic consequences. Foreign fishing fleets deplete African fish stocks -- 07/18/2007 Heavily subsidized foreign fishing fleets are depleting coastal fish stocks of poor Africa countries, reports The Wall Street Journal. Hurricanes can help coral reefs -- 07/17/2007 A close call with a hurricane can be beneficial to a stressed coral reef, reports a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Is peat swamp worth more than palm oil plantations? -- 07/16/2007 Could peat swamp be worth more intact for their carbon value than palm oil plantations for their oil? Quick analysis suggests yes, though binding limits on emissions will be needed to trigger the largest ever flow of money from the industrialized world to developing countries. At stake: the bulk of the world's biodiversity. China's wetlands shrinking due to global warming -- 07/16/2007 Wetlands on China's Qinghai-Tibet plateau have shrunk by more than 10 percent over the past 40 years, posing a threat to agriculture and river flows, according to scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Wetlands at the Yangtze's origin contracted 29 percent over the same period. African Flamingo population gravely threatened by industrial development -- 07/16/2007 Tata Chemicals, a division of the biggest multinational industrial conglomerate in India, is planning to build a huge soda ash plant at Lake Natron, one of the most important lakes for waterbirds in Africa. The scale of the planned development is very likely to destroy the ecosystem of the lake and drive away the breeding flamingos. "Living fossil" fish captured in Zanzibar -- 07/16/2007 Fishermen in Zanzibar have caught a coelacanth, reports Reuters. Polar bears avoiding sea ice for cub dens -- 07/15/2007 Polar bears in Alaska are increasingly setting up dens on sea on land because sea ice is thinning, reports a new study by U.S. Geological Survey (UCGS) researchers. Procter & Gamble looks to poor markets for growth -- 07/15/2007 Procter & Gamble Co. is aggressively expanding into "bottom of the pyramid" markets in an effort to grow sales, reports Monday's edition of The Wall Street Journal. The consumer products giant is formulating products specifically for some of the world's poorest people. 'Extinct' egg-laying mammal rediscovered in jungles of New Guinea -- 07/15/2007 An egg-laying mammal thought extinct for nearly 50 years has been rediscovered in the Indonesian province of Papua on the island of New Guinea, reports BBC News. Toll road could raise money for Amazon conservation -- 07/15/2007 Southeastern Peru is arguably the most biodiverse place on the planet. A new highway project, already under construction, poses a great threat to this biological richness as well as indigenous groups that live in the region. While its too late to stop the road, called the Carretera Transoceanica or Interoceanic Highway, there are ways to reduce its impact on the forest ecosystem and its inhabitants. NASA images show expansion of logging in Congo rainforest -- 07/15/2007 New high resolution images of logging roads in the Congo region of Africa are helping researchers understand the expansion of industrial logging in Central Africa. Florida to cut greenhouse gas emissions 80% by 2050 -- 07/15/2007 Florida plans to cut greenhouse gas emissions 80 percent from 1990 levels by 2050 according to Charlie Crist, Florida's Republican state governor. Due to its low elevation and hurricane risk, global warming may pose the biggest risk to Florida of any U.S. state. Wildlife tourism can be detrimental to monkeys -- 07/15/2007 Tourism is causing changes in primate behavior and may be increasing infant mortality and the transmission of disease, reports a study published in the October edition of the International Journal of Primatology. China's paper recycling industry can help shield forests from destruction -- 07/15/2007 China's massive paper recycling capacity is helping shield global forests worldwide from destruction by supporting an international market for wastepaper as an alternative to pulpwood, says a new report released by Forest Trends, an international forestry organization. Nevertheless, wastepaper alone is not enough to meet demand from China's growing paper industry. US says Brazilian ethanol doesn't increase food prices, destroy Amazon rainforest -- 07/13/2007 Brazil's surging ethanol production does not put the Amazon rainforest at risk and is not fueling higher food prices, claimed a U.S. energy official visiting Brazil. Intel joins forces with $100 laptop project for poor children -- 07/13/2007 Intel has teamed with the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) program, agreeing to contribute funding and join the board of the nonprofit group that seeks to bring low-cost laptops to children in poor countries, reports the Associated Press. The announcement comes after Intel chairman Craig Barrett criticized the project in an effort to boost support for its own child-focused Classmate PC. Glaciers in western China shrank 20% in 40 years -- 07/13/2007 Glaciers in Western China have melted at "alarming" rates over the past 40 years, according to Chinese state media. Cosmetics retailer announces sustainable palm oil initiative -- 07/12/2007 The Body Shop International today introduced a sustainable palm oil initiative, the first for the beauty industry. The company said the move was spurred by growing concerns over the impact of oil palm plantations on biodiversity. Agents of death for wildlife become jewelry in Zambia -- 07/12/2007 Craftswomen in Zambia are turning snares formerly used to illegal kill wildlife into jewelry. Called "snareware", the handmade jewelry is part of a program that has grossed $350,000 for rural communities and helped protect endangered wildlife. Killers of renowned anthropologist sentenced in Brazil -- 07/12/2007 The men charged with the 2005 killing of University of Vermont anthropology professor James Petersen in the Amazon rainforest were sentenced Tuesday to nearly 30 years in prison, close to the maximum under Brazilian law. Can organic farming feed the world? -- 07/12/2007 Contrary to popular belief, organic farming can produce enough to feed the world, reports a new study published in Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. How will climate change impact the U.S. Northeast? -- 07/11/2007 The Northeastern United States could experience widespread changes from global warming if greenhouse gas emission are not significantly reined in, warns a new report from the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) and a team of more than 50 scientists and economists. How long does it take reef fish to recover from overfishing? -- 07/11/2007 Recovery of fish populations from overfishing can take decades, reports a new study based on 37 years of observations. Miscanthus bests switchgrass as biofuel source -- 07/11/2007 In a side-by-side comparison, miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus) grass has been shown to be a more productive bioenergy source than switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), according to research presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Plant Biologists in Chicago. Indonesia's peat swamps worth $39B/year -- 07/11/2007 Indonesia's peat swamps are worth $39 billion in carbon credits per year, according to rough calculations by Bloomberg. Antioxidant use helped some birds after Chernobyl nuclear accident -- 07/11/2007 Brightly colored birds were more adversely affected by high levels of radiation around the Chernobyl nuclear plant, reports a study published online in the British Ecological Society's Journal of Applied Ecology. China calls for sustainable logging by Chinese firms overseas -- 07/11/2007 China unveiled a draft sustainable forestry handbook for Chinese companies operating overseas. The move comes as the country faces increasing criticism from environmentalists who say China's booming demand for timber and other materials is destroying the world's tropical forests. Experts: sun not linked to current global warming -- 07/11/2007 Changes in the sun's output is not linked to recently observed global warming, reports a study published in Royal Society's journal Proceedings A. Giant squid found in Australia -- 07/11/2007 A giant squid has washed up on a beach on the western coast of the Australian island Tasmania, reports Reuters. Climate change fueled ancient wars in China -- 07/10/2007 A new study ties past climate change to warfare in ancient China. $11B Amazon rainforest dam gets initial approval -- 07/10/2007 The Brazilian government has given preliminary go-ahead on a massive Amazon dam project that environmentalists and scientists say could be a potential ecological disaster. Ford Motor to introduce plug-in hybrids, but lags behind rivals -- 07/10/2007 Monday Ford Motor Co. announced a partnership with utility Southern California Edison to test a fleet of plug-in hybrid (PHEV) vehicles in an effort to make the technology more accessible to consumers, reduce petroleum-related emissions and improve the cost-effectiveness of the nation's electricity grid. McDonald's bolsters eco credentials with recycled biodiesel -- 07/09/2007 McDonald's Corp. (Public, NYSE:MCD), the fast-food chain, has bolstered its 'green' credentials by announcing that its UK distribution fleet will be powered by biodiesel made of recycled cooking oil from its restaurants. While the move is expected to save only around 1,675 tons of carbon annually, environmentalists say it sets an important precedent for the parent company and the fast-food industry as a whole. Poverty and corruption reduce effectiveness of rainforest parks -- 07/09/2007 Poverty and corruption are linked to higher incidence of fire in tropical forest reserves, reports a new study published in the journal Ecological Applications. Poor, corrupt countries -- like Cambodia, Guatemala, Paraguay, and Sierra Leone -- have the least effective parks when measured in terms of the incidence of fire relative to surrounding "buffer" areas. The findings have significant implications for rainforest conservation efforts. How to save the world's oceans from overfishing -- 07/08/2007 Global fishing stocks are in trouble. After expanding from 18 millions tons in 1950 to around 94 million tons in 2000, annual world fish catch has leveled off and may even be declining. Scientists estimate that the number of large predatory fish in the oceans has fallen by 90 percent since the 1950s, while about one-quarter of the world's fisheries are overexploited, depleted, or recovering from depletion. Despite these dire trends, the situation is changing. Today some of the world's largest environmental groups are focused on addressing the health of marine life and oceans, while sustainable fisheries management is at the top of the agenda for intergovenmental bodies. At the forefront of these efforts is Mike Sutton, director of the Monterey Bay Aquarium's conservation program: the Center for the Future of the Oceans. The aquarium, which has long been recognized as one of the world's most important marine research facilities, is pioneering new strategies for protecting the planet's oceans. Sutton says the approach has four parts: establishing new marine protected areas, pushing for ocean policy reform, promoting sustainable seafood, and protecting wildlife and marine ecosystems. Environmentalists winning fight against illegal ramin timber trade -- 07/08/2007 A global crackdown on the illegal ramin timber trade appears to be working, reports a Japanese environmental group. Home improvement giant bans illegal wood products -- 07/08/2007 B&Q, the third largest retailer of home improvement materials, announced that within three years, all Brazilian wood products sold in China would come from certified sources. B&Q has 60 stores in China. Inflatable concentrators may cut cost of solar below conventional power plants -- 07/08/2007 Cool Earth Solar, a Livermore, California-based company developing an innovative way for capturing solar energy, has merged with Radiant Energy, a developer and owner of renewable and clean energy power plants including solar, geothermal, and hydroelectric. Rob Lamkin, CEO of Radiant Energy, says the merger will help ramp up the technology, which uses inflatable solar concentrators to minimize use of refined silicon, a costly ingredient in solar cells. Lamkin says the technology could dramatically reduce the cost solar energy, bringing it below the cost natural gas-fired power plants. Orangutans use water as a tool -- 07/06/2007 German researchers have observed orangutans using water as a tool. Natacha Mendes, Daniel Hanus, and Josep Call of the Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany conducted an experiment with five orangutans to see whether the red apes could access an out-of-reach peanut floating inside a vertical transparent tube. They quickly found that all five orangutans were able to do so by collecting water from a drinker and spitting it into the tube to raise the water level and win access to the peanut. Scientists capture first photos of extremely rare birds -- 07/06/2007 Scientists have captured the first pictures of one of the world's rarest birds: the recurve-billed bushbird (Clytoctantes alixii), a species found exclusively in bamboo forests of northeastern Colombia. China will not commit to CO2 limits -- 07/06/2007 China will not commit to binding greenhouse gas emissions cuts, reports the BBC. Lu Xuedu, deputy director-general of China's Office of Global Environmental Affairs, told British parliamentarians that China does not presently have the "capability to make those commitments." Guatemala gets conservation boost -- 07/06/2007 Guatemala's Eastern Maya Biosphere Reserve will receive $3 million in funding from the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Bronx Zoo-based organization announced Friday. Rare three-legged tiger photographed in Sumatra -- 07/06/2007 A WWF camera trap has captured photos of a three-legged Sumatran tiger on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. WWF says the rare tiger likely escaped from a snare. The big cat seems otherwise healthy. Metal workers recycle to escape poverty in Madagascascar -- 07/06/2007 A ride across the Madagascar countryside can feel like stepping back in time on this tropical island off the east coast of Africa. There is no bustle of big cities. The Malagasy, as the people of Madagascar are known, live much like their forefathers in small communities where traditions are passed down through the generations. They live without any contemporary conveniences including running water, electricity, automobiles, televisions, or even shoes. They commute on foot, or with larger loads, in a wooden cart pulled by zebu, a type of large, bony oxen. Their houses are mostly constructed from available materials including sticks or bricks of dried mud collected from surrounding rice fields. Photo of white tigers born in Mexico -- 07/05/2007 Five white Bengal tigers born in April were put on display at the Guadalajara Zoo in Mexico reports the Associated Press. Cuba Energy Crisis Solved -- 07/05/2007 Cuba may be overcoming its intermittent energy crisis, according to a top U.N. official. Power shortages and brownouts have long been a problem in the small communist island nation, but it was daily 16 hour-electricity cuts in 2004 that finally forced the government to act. Its efforts are apparently paying off. Mangroves more threatened than rainforests -- 07/05/2007 Destruction of mangrove forests could leave the world deprived of their important ecological services by the end of a century, warns an international team of scientists writing in the July 6th issue of the journal Science. Sea anemone genome provides insight on evolution -- 07/05/2007 The sea anemone genome is far more complex and vertebrate-like than the fruit fly or nematode genomes, reports a study published in the July 6th issue of the journal Science. The analysis provides insights into the common ancestor of nearly all multi-celled animals, including humans. Lush forests blanked Greenland 500,000 years ago -- 07/05/2007 Rich boreal forests with butterflies and other insects flourished on Greenland within the past million years, reports a new study published in the July 6th issue of the journal Science. 760,000 Chinese a year die from pollution -- 07/04/2007 760,000 Chinese die prematurely each year from polluted air and water, according to estimates to be released by the World Bank. The Bald Eagle Back and Better than Ever! -- 07/03/2007 "Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light" goes the first line for the national anthem of the United States of America. And on July the fourth, the self-proclaimed defenders of freedom celebrate that freedom that they so dearly love on their Independence Day. And what better way to celebrate that day, then to hear that their National bird has made a miraculous comeback after dwindling to a measly documented 417 birds in 1963. Unprecedented deletion of a World Heritage Site in Oman -- 07/03/2007 The Oryx is one of three or four large antelope species of the genus Oryx, and are known for their long, swept back horns. In 1996 the Arabian Oryx -- found on the Arabian Peninsula -- numbered 450 within a specially designated area known as the Oman Arabian Oryx Sanctuary. Today, the number sits at only 65, with only 4 viable breeding pairs. Without a doubt, the extinction of the Arabian Oryx in the wild is not out of the question. NASA maps newly proposed source of the Amazon River -- 07/03/2007 NASA released a map showing the newly proposed source of the Amazon River, a change that would make it the longest river in the world. Last month Brazilian researchers proposed Mount Mismi, a snow-covered mountain in southern Peru as the source of the Amazon River. Previously, the generally accepted source was in northern Peru. If the revision holds, the length of the Amazon would exceed that of the Nile by roughly 60 miles (105 km). However the claim is likely to be contested. Careless humanity batters the Arctic -- 07/03/2007 I feel the need to say from the outset when I discuss topics such as Global-Warming that I am indeed a greenie of sorts, and I believe that the obvious downward spiral that our planet is taking is due to the careless attitudes towards the environment that the industrialized and predominantly white nations have taken over the past decades. I, as a note, am white, and have no qualms in pointing the finger at my own country (Australia) and others that we support, and that support us. In fact, I am ashamed to be one of the only two countries in the world not to have signed the Kyoto Protocol (the other, for reference, being the United States of America). UNESCO lists rainforest parks of Madagascar as Heritage sites -- 07/02/2007 UNESCO has listed six rainforest parks in Madagascar as World Heritage sites. The announcement comes as the Indian Ocean island nation has moved aggressively to protect its biologically-rich forests from further degradation. Norway bans tropical timber -- 07/02/2007 Concerned about rising deforestation rates, Norway has banned the use of tropical timber in all public buildings, reports the Rainforest Foundation Norway. Authorities bust multi-million dollar Amazon logging ring -- 07/02/2007 Brazilian authorities have busted a logging ring that used fake permits to cut 500,000 trees in the Amazon rainforest, reports Reuters. Global warming will producer higher death rates in the U.S. -- 07/02/2007 Global warming will cause more deaths due to higher temperatures, reports a new study published in Occupational and Environment Medicine. While milder winters will produce fewer deaths, they will not offset high mortality in summer months. Researchers find large population of extremely rare monkey -- 07/02/2007 A team of scientists from WWF and Conservation International (CI) has discovered the world's largest known population of grey-shanked doucs (Pygathrix cinerea), a monkey ranked as one of the world's 25 most endangered primates, in Vietnam. The discovery is fueling that the species can be saved from extinction -- less than 1,000 of the monkeys are thought to remain. Forest disturbance reduces biodiversity in the Amazon rainforest -- 07/02/2007 Two new studies in the Amazon rainforest show that plantation forests and second-growth forests have lower species counts for butterflies, reptiles, and amphibians than adjacent primary forest areas. The research has important implications for conservation of tropical biodiversity in a world where old-growth forest is increasingly replaced by secondary forests, industrial plantations, and agricultural landscapes. 450 years of Amazon research reviewed -- 07/02/2007 Research on the Peruvian Amazon is largely inaccessible to the people who could make most use of it, reports a comprehensive review of 2,202 texts published over the past 450 years on the Madre de Dios region of southwestern Peru. The study recommends the establishment of "a Web-based digital library for Neotropical nature" to make research more widely available. Pro-poor conservation -- 07/01/2007 Biodiversity conservation is often associated with the protection of charismatic animals and beautiful landscapes. Missing is consideration of the role that biodiversity plays in the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people around the world, who rely on hunting, plant collection, and other services afforded by biodiversity for everyday subsistence. Man-eating piranha are actually cowards -- 07/01/2007 Despite their reputations as aggressive blood-thirsty carnivores, piranha schooling behavior is a defensive measure to protect against predators rather than an offensive hunting maneuver, reports new research presented at the Royal Society's summer science exhibition in London. Piranhas face many predators in their Amazon habitat, including caiman, freshwater dolphins, and giant fish like the pirarucu or arapaima. Cat domestication tied to rise of agriculture -- 07/01/2007 A new study traces the domestication of house cats to the emergence of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent some 10,000 years ago--not Egypt as previously presumed. 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